Showing posts with label Clean Code. Show all posts
Showing posts with label Clean Code. Show all posts

Friday, December 20, 2013

An Annotation Nightmare

@XmlElementWrapper(name="orders")
@XmlJavaTypeAdapter(OrderJaxbAdapter.class)
@XmlElements({
   @XmlElement(name="order_2",type=Order2.class),
   @XmlElement(name="old_order",type=OldOrder.class)
})
@JsonIgnore
@JsonProperty
@NotNull
@ManyToMany
@Fetch(FetchMode.SUBSELECT)
@JoinTable(
    name = "customer_order",
    joinColumns = {
        @JoinColumn(name = "customer_id", referencedColumnName = "id")
    },
    inverseJoinColumns = {
        @JoinColumn(name = "order_id", referencedColumnName = "id")
    }
)
private List orders;

Wait. What? Is this really what we have come to? I can't even see the damn property under this bloat. How did this happen? Yeah ok - we had to get rid of the old xml configuration horror somehow. But this? This is even WORSE. This class is supposed to be a goddamn pojo with a bunch of properties. Short and concise, easy to read. I, as a reader of this cass, am not interested at all how the database table is joining customers to orders. I'm neither interested how its being serialized. This is just implementation details. Reading this class, i am living in an object world and i want to know what data and behaviour the object has. Not more, not less. I don't care about column names, fetchtypes or json serialization for the moment. And i don't want to read, change or recompile this class for the sake of a tablename change. I don't want to add another annotation for storing this entity in a mongoDB neither. The entity should not have responsibility for these details. We are not only violating the Single Responsibility Principle here, we are doing a f****** responsibility party.

Ok ok, enough of the rage. How do we deal with this issue? Some duplicate the entity for various layers with different annotation purposes. They map the entity onto the next layers related entity using an automated mapper like Dozer. Some even write that mapping themselves. But this is by no means a solution. It is just replacing one code smell with another one: Duplication.

So please, focus on frameworks that don't force you to clutter your code. jOOQ is a nice solution to map database records to entities without annotations. Also, hibernate allows you to define your mappings in XML.

Private Field Injection


@Inject
private MyService myService

This is used quite often, while it shouldn't even be possible. The myService field is private, thus it's inaccessible from outside the class. Nevertheless it's possible and people do it. In reality it is a hack. The DI-framework sets the field using reflections doing setAccessible(true). You don't want hacks in your code, do you? Lets have a look at the alternatives:

Setter Injection
Well, at least its better than the private field injection, since its using a public method instead of hacking a private field. But still, ask yourself this: 'Is this class even supposed to live without the injected value?' Because if it's not, there is no reason what so ever for the class to get constructed without an instance of MyService. You want to implement this constraint on the class level and inside the constructor, not on the framework level.

Constructor Injection
This is usually the way to go. It allows you to
  • make the field immutable (there is usually no need to change it).
  • implement the constraint, that the class is not instantiatable without a given MyService in the right place.
Of course it means that you cannot inject by annotation. But why would you want to? The class doesn't need to know, if it gets injections by a DI-Container or a Factory Class. It should not know anything of this. No @Autowired, no @Qualifier. All it needs to know is its own behaviour. Everything else should be handled outside of the class.
One could use a configuration class or file for the actual injection.

A DI-Container is a usefull tool that helps you wire your classes together. Use it for this purpose, but don't let it dictate your code. Uncle Bob wrote a great post where he explained how to use DI-Frameworks without having them dictate your code.

@RunWith(SpringJUnit4ClassRunner.class) in UnitTests

Why would you need this in unittests? Because it is automatically generated by your IDE/app template? No! You want to test the behaviour of a class, living in isolation in unittests. Not if the DI-Conainer is injecting a fields accordingly. Just inject yourself in a setup method. No DI-Container needed. By the way, all this testrunner does is these 3 lines of code.

private TestContextManager testContextManager;
//..
this.testContextManager = new TestContextManager(getClass());
this.testContextManager.prepareTestInstance(this);

They are not worth blocking your only TestRunner slot. You want to keep it free for something like parameterized @RunWith(JUnitParamsRunner.class) or concurrency @RunWith(ConcurrentJunitRunner.class) tests.

@Override

Really, my IDE already knows if i am correctly overriding a method. To me, its just clutter.

@SuppressWarnings

... Don't even get me started

tl;dr
Annotations have become more harmful than helpful these days. We should get back to pojos and focus on keeping our code as clutterless and framework-agnostic as possible to make it more readable and reuseable. Don't let frameworks dictate your codebases, since they should be exchangable tools. Beware of what a class should know, and what not. Some annotations are useful, most aren't.

@DevNull({
 @SuppressWarnings
 @Autowired, 
 @Inject, 
 @Override,  
 @XmlElementWrapper,
 @XmlJavaTypeAdapter,
 @XmlElement,
 @JsonIgnore,
 @JsonProperty,
 @ManyToMany,
 @Fetch,
 @JoinTable
})

Tuesday, October 15, 2013

Boost your development speed

I'm really pragmatic on this. To go faster, you need to avoid the things that slow you down. These blockers may vary from developer to developer, but some are pretty common. In this post i will elaborate on the more common ones. Before i do so i want to remind you that to improve, we might need to unlearn in the first place.
Tip: Sometimes, the greatest achievement in improving is to successfully unlearn.

Are you using your Mouse?

Don't let your mouse slow you down. If you are not using all of your fingers typing, you might want to stop reading here and go over to a typewriting course. The following recommendation also assumes that you are using a feature rich editor like vim or an ide. Every single time you move your hand over to your mouse for a click there is a keyboard shortcut for the exact action that you are not aware of, or not used to. You want to learn these. It's really not that hard,  you'll get used to it faster than you'd think. Just begin by putting your mouse over to the other (or wrong) side of your keyboard. You're now forcing yourself to think every time you want to click. When this happens, remember to think of a possible solution using your keyboard. Don't know any? Ask your friends or search the internet (yes, you can use your mouse for that). BUT: Do not use your mouse for what ever action you wanted to perform. After following these simple rules for a few days, you'll notice how irrelevant your mouse has become. If you start feeling comfortable using your keyboard only, you could even try some sessions with your mouse plugged out. Mastering your keyboard will significantly boost your development speed.
Tip: You could print out a list of your IDEs shortcuts and use it as a cheatsheet

Reduce the Time debugging

Debugging costs an awful lot. It's not rare that we end up hunting a bug for hours or even days. Quite often we engage multiple co-workers to solve it. This is really not a scenario we want to be in, since its not only expensive, but also depressing. How can we avoid such a scenario? Pretty easy. Just separate the software into pieces that work in isolation, and write automated tests that cover the components behaviour. This way, we can easily distinguish the component the bug is actually sitting in, and the debugging will become a cinch. The better the tests, the easier to find the bug. However, you wont write good tests, if the system that you are testing is already done and working. You'll assume that there is no additional value of writing thoughtout tests, when it's already working. Overcome this dilemma by writing your tests BEFORE the implementation. As a side effect, this will also help you coding in many ways. You want to treat your tests as first class citizens and as what they are - at least as important as your implementation. Think of a blacksmith who's casting metal into a mold. What would be more important for him. The mold, or the first sculpture coming out of it? You know the answer. And guess what... the tests are your mold. I don't care what you call it. TDD, BDD or whatever. Just automate tests to cover your softwares behaviour, write them before the implementation, and treat them as what they are - at least as important as your implementation.
Tip: When using TDD, you want to use a shortcut to quickly navigate between the test and its implementation. I've bound it to Alt+T


Reduce the Time reading code

I can't stress this enough: You spend more time reading code than writing code. Believe it or not, while implementing a new feature or solving a bug, you repeatedly read code. You read code before you start writing new code, you read code multiple times inbetween writing code, and you read code after you have written it. Reading a 50 line method is pretty time consuming. Thus you want to make reading as easy and smooth as possible. Write self explanatory code with good names and short methods. And Don't Repeat Yourself. Who wants to read anything twice? Invest some time on this, and it will pay off.

Improve your search skills

This is an important one. A searchengine has become the most important development tool. It is even more important than your ide. You can do anything without your ide if you can find out how, but you cannot do anything with your ide if you dont know how. You are probably googling regularely, so it's worth improving. Improve your searchterms. Anticipate helpful words like 'how to' or 'problem'. Try different variants and quote important words and sentences. If you keep getting bad results of a common subject or website, filter them out using a preceeding minus. Here are some examples:
  • while c -do -c++
  • SomeException -helpme.com
  • How to "clean code"
If you keep getting out-dated information, limit your search to the last month/year. This can easily be done in the search options. On stackoverflow, do not always read the first post since its usually a question and code thats not working. Scroll down to the answers with the most upvotes. They are worth reading. Bookmark the sites/docs that you are using regularely. You don't want to search them over and over again. Also, consider code search engines (Examples here and here).


Focus & Calm

You want to get into and keep a good focus when working on a task. Get into your flow and do not allow disruptions. Several disruptions can easily cost you an hour or two each day. Use headphones in louder environments, and communicate that you'll be available for questions a little later. Focus requires a clear mind. Make sure you don't have to remember too much stuff. You don't want to be afraid of forgetting things. If you can feel the fear to forget, write that thing down - so you can forget. Also, don't work on too many different tasks/projects at the same time. One is perfect, two is ok. More is probably just slowing you down. I've happened to work on 7 different projects a single day. It's really really dragging from you. Also, stay calm even in the most stressful situation. Huddling just slows you down even more.

Invest in Hardware

Hardware is cheap, workhours are not. Good hardware will save lots of time in the long term. An SSD that makes you boot within seconds and loads everything real quick, saves at least 10 minutes a day which is 40 hours a year. Same goes with ram and cpu of course. Also, screensize really matters. Choose a large monitor to be able to see everything without resizing/scrolling windows/panels. I personally feel comfortable with ~27". You can speed up many tasks using two monitors also. Web development would be such a task for example.
Tip: 16:9 is standard nowadays but not quite optimal for coding. The higher the screen, the more lines of code you see. Try a 16:10 instead.

Optimize your Workflow, Question your Tools

It depends on what you are working on, but the goal stays the same. You want the most lean workflow and you will constantly have to reevaluate and improve it. For example: If you are working on a Java Webapp, you want to be able to quickly get feedback without redeploying. You can do this by using a class-reloader like spring-loaded or JRebel, or use the Play Framework which does not require redeployments at all due to its architecture. You could also question the language. Is there something else than java that could be more appropriate? Automate everything: testing, building, deployment, notifications. Consider rapid prototyping if you are in the early stages of a project.


Wednesday, August 28, 2013

Agility demands good Software Design

From what i have seen, Agile Software Development is widely misinterpreted nowadays. Many people think to be agile, they just need a process like scrum to define a framework of sprints and iterations. They will sprint until they exhaust and change until they stagnate. But when you'd ask them what principles of objectoriented design are, they'd answer: "Aww yes, we use classes". And when you'd asked them if they did test driven development, they'd reply: "Ahh, this is the thing where you write tests first, isn't it?". Bottom line, people think to be agile without caring about good software design. But in the end, the most important thing is what nobody cares about. It is the agility of the software that they are producing. So if you want to be agile, a process and a mindset is not enough. You need to keep your software agile. By that i mean, you need to keep the design of the software as clean and flexible as possible, to be able to apply any future changes at minimal cost. Software design of course includes your source code. In the end, you are only as agile as your software is.

Why Agile?

A customer does not know what he wants in the first place. He might have a rough idea, but thats it. We cant even blame him for that, because the actual problem that we are supposed to solve is influenced by so many factors and opinions that it is almost impossible to define the best solution right away. Other than that, miscommunication will most likely make things worse. To solve these issues we start small, and deliver fast. Seeing the first result, the customer can verify if we are on track or not. He can check if we have understood, or if he himself made a bad call. He might recognize things that he hasnt thought of before. Delivering repeatedly and iteratively like that, our software will more likely be useful and accepted by the customer in the end. It will more likely lead our project to success. Of course we will have to deal with changes more often, which is why we have to make the software itself agile. In the end it is the software which needs to be changeable, not us.

What it takes

Not only does an agile development process put our software under frequent change, it also demands progress at a fast and steady pace. These facts can quickly cause our software to rot if we don't watch out. And when it does, we get slowed down even more and changes suddenly become impossible. So we'd better not forget about the most important part in agile software development: Keeping our software design as agile as possible, from high-level architecture to the very code itself. Sadly, this gets ignored way too often, and many agile projects fail because of it. They fail because they chose to go faster by neglecting quality, and they quickly rush into a deadend of code rot leading to stagnation. So please remember: It is the Software you are building that needs to be agile in order to adapt to change defined by the customer. It is the software that needs to be agile in order to react to change with minimal effort. Rushing is not gonna make your software agile. Rushing is not gonna make YOU agile. Agility comes hand in hand with quality. And high quality is not even slow, hell no. Good quality done right makes you go even faster.

So what is Agile Software Design?

Agile Software Design is what makes your software as clean and flexible as you need it to be. It demands deliberate adoption of discovered and well established design patterns and principles of objectoriented programming. This is not easy. In fact it's hard, it's very hard. Even if you are really good and experienced at it, you might fail at some point, having to rethink many of your previous design decisions. Agile Software Design is not something that you can rush. It needs time and deliberateness. But it will pay off in the long term by making you progress at a more constant pace, which will in fact be much faster than it would be without agile design. The graphic below should clarify how quick ignorant rushing can slow you down tremendously. The graphic is not based on statistics, but on experience.

Agile Software Design does not end at high-level architecture. It goes on with coding. Bad code can quickly make your project more clumsy than a bad high-level design could. So the devil is in the details.

What can you do to make your Software Design more Agile?

From a Managers perspective? Trust your Developers, don't push them. Invest in experience and expertise.

From a developers perspective? First of all, learn the principles and patterns of objectoriented programming - not just in theory. Being good at those needs lots of practice. There are plenty of books for this:
and many more.

Keep your code clean - don't underestimate this! When you are programming, you spend more time reading code, than writing code. Thus you want to minimize the time you have to read code by making it more readable. It's not a secret how clean code looks like. Take a look at Clean Code.
Other than that, use the right practices like

Test Driven Development  

Just do it already. And if you don't know how, go on and start learning. I have heard numerous opinions of TDD where people said
  • "Unittests are too expensive. The Customer wont pay for that."
  • "Unittests slow us down, we needed to write more code in that time."
  • "I don't know. I'm pretty good at programming, Test-First feels needlessly hard and awkward."
But these are just subjective opinions of people who are not experienced in TDD.
TDD should in fact boost your longterm development speed if you are doing it right. I have not seen a single project in my life that has been as small and simple as that it would not have taken a significant profit from a TDD approach. And i have in fact seen very simple ones. The thing is, you have to test it anyways. What else would speed up your testing more than to automate it? Also, TDD significantly reduces the amount of time you have to spend debugging which already eats up lots of your time - at least more than you'd think. Other than that those tests
  • become a reliable documentation of your code,
  • allow you to fearlessly clean up your code,
  • force you to think of the problem before thinking of the actual solution, which will improve your initial draft,
  • enforce decoupling of components, which will make your design more agile.

Pair Programming

It's not only that 4 eyes will see more defects than 2 eyes do, but also that the transfer of knowledge is taking place. You want all developers to learn from each other to become equally valuable. And you always want more than one person to know a specific module to improve the truck factor. Heck yeah, some people even do mobprogramming - Seriously.

Collective Code Ownership

Don't allow one guy to own that modules code. All code on the project must belong to everybody. Everyone is allowed and invited to view, question and improve everyones code. This might be hard for some people, and might provoke conflicts, but it is absolutely mandatory to make the code better.

Code Reviews

Constantly review code changes. It is the only way to stay up to date, and it will reveal code smell. You need to reveal code smell, because if you don't, you will get stuck.

Refactoring

Refactor often. Everytime you see something that could be refactored, you need to do it right on the spot. The earlier you do it, the more time you save. So if you do it right then, you save the most possible amount of time.


tl;dr: You are just as agile as your software design, which of course includes code. High speed does not demand low quality. It doesn't work like that. In fact high quality is needed to allow high speed. Agile design evolves high quality.

Tuesday, May 21, 2013

The Art of Naming


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public class Handler {
    
    private String data;
    private String temp;

    public int c(int a, int a2){
        int result = a+a2;
        //...


Why is Naming so important?

Because its a matter of Quality.
Naming = Readability = Understandability = Maintainability = Quality.
Good Names make your code readable, which is an essential feature for every person that has to work on it, including yourself. Soon after written, you'll forget about the details. Getting into it and understanding again can be tough and frustrating. The right Names will redeem yourself and others from those barriers. You'll might think for yourself: "No!!! I don't have the time to make this all clean and perfect. I just have to get the thing done as fast as possible, and it's no problem because i won't have to deal with it after its finished anyways..." - That's just wishful thinking. Software never ever becomes completed. Thats part of its nature. In fact, the opposite is the truth: By choosing the right names carefully, you save a lot of time from the very first day on. You keep your mind free of needless noise that slows your progression down.

How to choose the right Names?

According to "Clean Code", Names should:
  • Be intention revealing
  • Avoid disinformation
  • Make meaningful distinctions
  • Be pronounceable
  • Be searchable
But i'll add one point
  • be unmistakable (which might already be part of avoiding disinformation)

Be skeptical about a name in the first place, and dont accept it until every bit of skepticism has been eliminated. Complete Words are usually better than Acronyms, AND .... avoid redundancy!!

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class Book{

  public String[] bookPage; // Don't repeat book since its given in the classname!

The art is to combine good names so that your code becomes a meaningful, selfdocumenting story.

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if(plant.needsWater()) gardener.water(plant)

Classes, Interfaces and Abstracts

Stay away from 'Manager', 'Handler' and the such. 'SomethingManager' doesn't mean anything specific and is clearly not unmistakable. Use Design Patterns in your Names. They are common knowledge and give a good information about what a Class is doing. Eg.: ShadowedBorderDecorator. Name Interfaces as what they are, and don't add Pre- / Suffixes to them (IFoo, BarInterface). Client-classes don't care if they work on Interfaces or Implementations. And it's not the Names job to indicate it's Type. You dont name a Variable intNumber either, do you? It's a violation of the DRY principle. Using Abstract in a Classname is debatable. While it's pretty common, it still violates the DRY principle. Decide for yourself.

Common Errors in Variablenaming


Repeating Type in Variablenames:

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Timestamp creationTime;
Date date;
String[] bookArray;
SomeType somethingObject

Adding "is" as a Prefix to booleans:
isActive. So the getter becomes isIsActive() or what?

Consecutive numbers.
There is nothing harder to read than a calculation using a1, a2 and a3 multiple times.

Generic names:
temp, data, other, object, result, value and so on

Inconsistency:
Mixing multiple Naming Strategies, or choosing one without 100% sticking to it.
E.g.: Mixing camelCase with under_scored

Wednesday, March 6, 2013

Avoid too many Parameters using the Builder Pattern

Today i want to show you another way to use the Builder Pattern. From what i've seen there are tons of examples of the Builder Pattern online. But they do all have one thing in common: They are used to create an Instance of an Object and "replace" its constructor. This way you can create a complex Object in a very clean and readable fashion using a Fluent Interface.

Other than that, there is also a slightly different way you can benefit of the Builder Pattern. Think of a Method with like 10 Parameters. Thats not quite nice, and should not ever happen. Robert C. Martin recommends a maximum amount of 3 Parameters in his book: Clean Code. You should rather use some kind of a Config Object holding those 10 parameters, to clean it up. But lets say, you have a BookService Class with a find(..) method, that allows to search by 10 different parameters, and every single one of them is optional. You could use the Builder Pattern with some kind of Query Object to solve the problem.

As we should always program against Interfaces to keep things modular, ill start with the Interface:

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public interface BookService {

    public Book create(Book book);

    public void delete(String isbn);

    public Query query();

    public interface Query {

        public Query isName(String name);

        public Query hasAuthor(String author);

        public Query isCheaperThan(Float price);

        public Query isIsbn(String isbn);

        public Query hasMorePagesThan(Long pages);

        public Query isAvailable();

        public List<Book> find();

    }
}

So the Interface looks pretty neat. It allows you to write something like:

bookService.query().hasAuthor("Bob").isCheaperThan(20.9).isAvailable().find();

While the Query could be considered as an implementation of the Query Object pattern it is not tied to any Database related stuff, which is very important. You dont want to be tied to Criteria Queries or SQL in this Layer. It should be independent of any implementation (e.g. Database or Filesystem).

To clear things up, i want to show you an implementation example using Spring-Data. I am a big fan of Spring-Data, since it allows you to create full featured DAOs with little to no Programming effort for many different Persistence Providers. If you havent used it yet, you should definitely give it a try.

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@Transactional
public class BookServiceImpl implements BookService {

    @Autowired
    private BookRepository bookRepository;

    // ...

    @Override
    @Transactional(readOnly=true)
    public Query query() {
        return new QueryImpl(this.bookRepository);
    }

    public class QueryImpl implements Query{

        private BookRepository bookRepository;
        private Specifications<Book> filters = null;

        public QueryImpl(BookRepository bookRepository) {
            this.bookRepository = bookRepository;
        }

        private void addFilter(Specification<FlowMessage> filter) {
            filters = (filters == null) ? where(filter) : filters.and(filter);
        }

        public Query isName(String name) {
            if (name == null) return this;
            addFilter(BookSpecifications.isName(name));
            return this;
        }

        public Query hasAuthor(String author) {
            if (author == null) return this;
            addFilter(BookSpecifications.hasAuthor(author));
            return this;
        }

        // other criterias ...

        public List<Book> find() {
            return this.bookRepository.findAll(filters);
        }
    }
}

As you can see i am just joining filter Criterias together, and thats it. The implementation is really simple but also expandable. These filter Criterias are supported by my BookRepository (=DAO). I just have to define them in a helper class first. Check out this and that for a deeper understanding how to combine spring-data with criteria queries.